The time and frequency domain waveforms of the reference signal and detection signals with different conglutinated layers (including A9, A10 and A11) are shown in Fig. 7. It can be observed that, compared with the reference signal, the amplitudes of the detection signals have significant attenuation. According to the theory of wave propagation in a solid, because of the two different acoustic impedances of the conglutinated layer and the pipeline, the multiple reflection and refraction between