Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are promising for clean energy applications, but thermal management remains a critical challenge. This study experimentally investigated the temperature distribution and evolution of an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under various dynamic operating conditions. Using 60 thermocouples inserted into the cathode channels, the formation, development, and propagation of high-temperature regions were thoroughly studied. The research results indicated that temperature distribution became increasingly non-uniform with rising current density, part...
