Aquatic plants are an important component of CWs by facilitating high levels of nitrogen removal performance during the process of water purification. Excessive accumulation of MPs/NPs in CWs has been shown to have negative effects on aquatic plants, impeding plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, and nitrogen metabolism (Fig. 3). These factors affect the uptake and utilization of nitrogen by aquatic plants, as well as the physiological and biochemical plant indices, resulting in a
