Fig. 4 compares the temperatures between different fuel cells. Under low load conditions, the temperature difference between different fuel cells is small, showing a good temperature consistency. As the load increases, the temperature consistency of the stack gradually deteriorates. Similar to the VVC-PEMFC stack, the TVC-PEMFC stack also exhibits a temperature distribution law of the “parabolic” type, that is, the temperature is highest in the middle of the stack and lowest at both ends. It
