Conceptualization, N.L.; methodology, J.L.; software, H.W.; validation, N.L. and Y.L.; formal analysis, Y.L.; data curation, J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.L. and H.Y.; funding acquisition, N.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB2600900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 52178108 and 51908068), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (grant number 2021JJ30720 and 2023JJ50180), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2022RC1181), the Hunan Province Research Center for Safety Control Technology and Equipment of Bridge Engineering (18KC01) and the Hunan Graduate Innovation Project (QL20210186).