Firstly, the backcalculation of modulus is transferred into finding zero points of nonlinear maps according to extreme conditions of optimization problems. A mathematical model for backcalculation of pavement layer modulus based on the homotopy method is established with partial derivatives of the 1st- and 2nd-order for deflections to modulus computed by numerical derivative methods. Secondly, partial differential equations are solved with LT-YORKE algorithms to follow homotopy paths, and backcalculated results are obtained. A program for backcalculation of modulus is written. Thirdly, 3 measu...