Traction batteries constitute a core technology for electric vehicles. The cells used in such batteries are usually connected in a series-parallel structure. Significant degradation in energy density, cycle life, and safety occurs with battery usage, thanks to discrepancies among cell parameters, such as resistance, capacity, and State of Charge. Hence, it is imperative to explore propagation mechanisms of parameter inconsistency and develop methods to diagnose them. The state of the art in the two aspects are elaborated from three perspectives of internal, external, and coupling effects. Mode...
