In this study, a porous magnetic CoFe 2 O 4-x /expanded graphite (CFE) composite catalyst based on the interlayer confinement strategy of expanded graphite was successfully constructed, and a high-density oxygen vacancy (OVs) system was successfully constructed through the unique spatial confinement effect. This synthesis strategy enables CFE materials to obtain enhanced surface area, accelerated electron transfer ability and abundant OVs, which jointly promote the significant enhancement of pollutant removal ability. The quasi first-order kine...