期刊：
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2026年226:116230 ISSN：1364-0321
通讯作者：
Chuanchang Li
作者机构：
[Xinrui Yan; Baoshan Xie; Chuanchang Li] Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Electric-Technology of Hunan Province, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
通讯机构：
[Chuanchang Li] K;Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Electric-Technology of Hunan Province, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
摘要：
With the ongoing advancement of aerospace technology, the demand for high-performance materials is rising. Phase change materials (PCMs), known for their unique thermophysical properties and versatility, offer new opportunities for breakthroughs in aerospace applications. PCMs, characterized by their low density, high energy storage density, and robust cycle stability, are ideal for aircraft lightweighting and thermal management of electronic devices. This review provides an overview of PCMs, including their mechanism, classification, preparation methods, and performance optimization. It then outlines the selection criteria for aerospace applications, emphasizing attributes such as lightweight design, long-term cycle stability, high thermal conductivity, resistance to extreme temperatures and radiation, and compatibility with existing equipment. Finally, the review explores recent advancements in PCM applications in aerospace, addressing the associated challenges and future prospects.
With the ongoing advancement of aerospace technology, the demand for high-performance materials is rising. Phase change materials (PCMs), known for their unique thermophysical properties and versatility, offer new opportunities for breakthroughs in aerospace applications. PCMs, characterized by their low density, high energy storage density, and robust cycle stability, are ideal for aircraft lightweighting and thermal management of electronic devices. This review provides an overview of PCMs, including their mechanism, classification, preparation methods, and performance optimization. It then outlines the selection criteria for aerospace applications, emphasizing attributes such as lightweight design, long-term cycle stability, high thermal conductivity, resistance to extreme temperatures and radiation, and compatibility with existing equipment. Finally, the review explores recent advancements in PCM applications in aerospace, addressing the associated challenges and future prospects.
作者机构：
[Shan Cheng; Kehui Yao; Linxi Guo; Zihui Xu; Hong Tian] School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Electric-Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China;State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Limited Research Institute, Changsha 410208, China;Hunan Key Laboratory of Clean & Efficient Power Generation Technologies, Changsha 410208, China;[Wen Chen] State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Limited Research Institute, Changsha 410208, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Key Laboratory of Clean & Efficient Power Generation Technologies, Changsha 410208, China
通讯机构：
[Hong Tian] S;School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Electric-Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
摘要：
Pyrolysis of sludge is a promising method for energy and resource recovery from solid waste. However, the emission of odorous gases, especially those containing sulfur and nitrogen, poses significant environmental challenges. Therefore, this study investigated the release characteristics of organic sulfur, when it coexist with organic nitrogen. Focusing on the mechanism by which organic nitrogen affects the transformation pathways of organic sulfur. Co-pyrolysis experiments with organic sulfur model compounds ‘benzyl sulfide (BS) and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide (DHS)’ and nitrogen-containing model compounds ‘proline (Pro) and aspartic acid (Asp)’. The presence of Pro and Asp lower the pyrolysis temperature and enhance the reaction extent of BS and DHS. The functional groups of organic nitrogen compounds, such as −H, –OH, and −C=O, promoted the production of sulfur-containing gases from organic sulfur compounds. Pro and Asp increase the yield of gas-S by 1.5 ∼ 2 times and 3 times, respectively. Pro also reduced the energy barriers for key steps in H 2 S formation from BS, including the removal of −SH radical from benzyl mercaptan and thiophenol, and −SH hydrogenation, by 83.92 kJ/mol, 39.97 kJ/mol, and 135 kJ/mol, respectively. Asp promoted the cleavage of the C aliphatic -S bond in BS and the C aromatic -S bond in DHS, lowering the energy barriers by 74.05 kJ/mol and 160.27 kJ/mol, respectively. These findings elucidate the role of organic nitrogen compounds in organic sulfur release during sewage sludge pyrolysis, thereby providing a potential way for the synergistic removal of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing odorous gases.
Pyrolysis of sludge is a promising method for energy and resource recovery from solid waste. However, the emission of odorous gases, especially those containing sulfur and nitrogen, poses significant environmental challenges. Therefore, this study investigated the release characteristics of organic sulfur, when it coexist with organic nitrogen. Focusing on the mechanism by which organic nitrogen affects the transformation pathways of organic sulfur. Co-pyrolysis experiments with organic sulfur model compounds ‘benzyl sulfide (BS) and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide (DHS)’ and nitrogen-containing model compounds ‘proline (Pro) and aspartic acid (Asp)’. The presence of Pro and Asp lower the pyrolysis temperature and enhance the reaction extent of BS and DHS. The functional groups of organic nitrogen compounds, such as −H, –OH, and −C=O, promoted the production of sulfur-containing gases from organic sulfur compounds. Pro and Asp increase the yield of gas-S by 1.5 ∼ 2 times and 3 times, respectively. Pro also reduced the energy barriers for key steps in H 2 S formation from BS, including the removal of −SH radical from benzyl mercaptan and thiophenol, and −SH hydrogenation, by 83.92 kJ/mol, 39.97 kJ/mol, and 135 kJ/mol, respectively. Asp promoted the cleavage of the C aliphatic -S bond in BS and the C aromatic -S bond in DHS, lowering the energy barriers by 74.05 kJ/mol and 160.27 kJ/mol, respectively. These findings elucidate the role of organic nitrogen compounds in organic sulfur release during sewage sludge pyrolysis, thereby providing a potential way for the synergistic removal of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing odorous gases.
作者机构：
[Binbin Chen; Hong Tian; Zhen Zhou; Yanni Xuan; Siying Liu] School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China;[Zhijie Wang] Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Power Generation Technologies, Changsha 410007, China
通讯机构：
[Hong Tian; Yanni Xuan] S;School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
摘要：
A combined pretreatment of straw was carried out using acid washing and torrefaction methods. Metal-modified HZSM-5 core–shell molecular sieves were prepared by loading Zn (2, 4, and 6 wt%) and Ni (6, 8, and 10 wt%) on HZSM-5 molecular sieves and introducing MCM-41 core–shell structure. PY-GC/MS and a tubular furnace were employed to study the effects of pretreatment conditions and catalysts on the product composition distribution during wheat straw catalytic pyrolysis. XRD, SEM, BET, TPD and ICP were used to characterize the catalyst performance. It was found that the combined acid washing and torrefaction pretreatment reduced the oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil from straw catalytic pyrolysis and increased the bio-oil yield to 29.37 %. The incorporation of modified catalysts promoted the deoxygenation, zwitterionization and aromatization reactions during the straw-catalyzed pyrolysis. The monometallic loading of 4%Zn/HZ and 8%Ni/HZ catalyzed acid washing and torrefaction straw pyrolysis resulted in 54.2 % and 57.06 % yields of MAHs and 42.86 % and 38.58 % yields of BTX in bio-oil, respectively.Compared with the monometallic loading, 4%Zn8%Ni/HZ further optimized the bio-oil compositional distribution, with a MAHs yield of 64.76 %, a BTX yield of 54.69 %, and a deoxygenation performance of 81.34%.MCM-41-coated HZSM-5 produces a large mesoporous structure with channels with sufficient transport capacity, accelerating the cleavage of various types of oxygen-containing compounds in the bio-oil into smaller molecules for better conversion into aromatics. The 4%Zn8%Ni/H@M catalyst achieved a MAHs yield of 72.68 % and BTX yield of 63.43 % in the bio-oil during pyrolysis of acid-washed and torrefied wheat straw, with oxygen removal efficiency reaching 85.37 %. Therefore, the combination of feedstock pretreatment and metal-modified core–shell HZSM-5 molecular sieve could synergistically optimize both compositional distribution and production yield of bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis.
A combined pretreatment of straw was carried out using acid washing and torrefaction methods. Metal-modified HZSM-5 core–shell molecular sieves were prepared by loading Zn (2, 4, and 6 wt%) and Ni (6, 8, and 10 wt%) on HZSM-5 molecular sieves and introducing MCM-41 core–shell structure. PY-GC/MS and a tubular furnace were employed to study the effects of pretreatment conditions and catalysts on the product composition distribution during wheat straw catalytic pyrolysis. XRD, SEM, BET, TPD and ICP were used to characterize the catalyst performance. It was found that the combined acid washing and torrefaction pretreatment reduced the oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil from straw catalytic pyrolysis and increased the bio-oil yield to 29.37 %. The incorporation of modified catalysts promoted the deoxygenation, zwitterionization and aromatization reactions during the straw-catalyzed pyrolysis. The monometallic loading of 4%Zn/HZ and 8%Ni/HZ catalyzed acid washing and torrefaction straw pyrolysis resulted in 54.2 % and 57.06 % yields of MAHs and 42.86 % and 38.58 % yields of BTX in bio-oil, respectively.Compared with the monometallic loading, 4%Zn8%Ni/HZ further optimized the bio-oil compositional distribution, with a MAHs yield of 64.76 %, a BTX yield of 54.69 %, and a deoxygenation performance of 81.34%.MCM-41-coated HZSM-5 produces a large mesoporous structure with channels with sufficient transport capacity, accelerating the cleavage of various types of oxygen-containing compounds in the bio-oil into smaller molecules for better conversion into aromatics. The 4%Zn8%Ni/H@M catalyst achieved a MAHs yield of 72.68 % and BTX yield of 63.43 % in the bio-oil during pyrolysis of acid-washed and torrefied wheat straw, with oxygen removal efficiency reaching 85.37 %. Therefore, the combination of feedstock pretreatment and metal-modified core–shell HZSM-5 molecular sieve could synergistically optimize both compositional distribution and production yield of bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis.
期刊：
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2026年117:110035 ISSN：0142-727X
通讯作者：
Yanfeng Yang
作者机构：
[Chaolin Liu; Chaofan Xiao] School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China;[Sanqi Liu] Chengnan College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410015, China;Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China;[Yanfeng Yang] School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China<&wdkj&>Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China
通讯机构：
[Yanfeng Yang] S;School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China<&wdkj&>Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China
摘要：
In this study, a two-dimensional cylindrical tube array model was established using the finite element method. The effects of sound wave frequency (50–200 Hz) and sound pressure level (118–140 dB) on the flow characteristics in the inter-tube gap under laminar ( Re = 150) and turbulent ( Re = 500) conditions were systematically investigated. The results show that under laminar conditions, the average gap flow velocity increases from 0.025 m/s to 0.048 m/s when the sound pressure level rises from 118 dB to 130 dB at a 50 Hz sound wave, representing a 177 % increase. However, at a constant sound pressure level of 130 dB, the flow velocity of the front row tubes (C1-C7) significantly decreases as the frequency increases from 50 Hz to 200 Hz. Under turbulent conditions, the flow velocity increases linearly by 33 % within the range of 130–140 dB at 50 Hz sound waves. Even though the flow velocity decreases when the frequency increases to 140 dB sound pressure, it is still higher than that without sound waves. The study found that low-frequency sound waves have a more significant effect on enhancing the flow of the front row tubes, while high-frequency sound waves need to consider energy dissipation. Overall, low-frequency and high sound pressure level sound waves can effectively increase the inter-tube flow velocity, and the enhancement effect is more obvious under laminar conditions. This provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of sound wave parameters in engineering applications.
In this study, a two-dimensional cylindrical tube array model was established using the finite element method. The effects of sound wave frequency (50–200 Hz) and sound pressure level (118–140 dB) on the flow characteristics in the inter-tube gap under laminar ( Re = 150) and turbulent ( Re = 500) conditions were systematically investigated. The results show that under laminar conditions, the average gap flow velocity increases from 0.025 m/s to 0.048 m/s when the sound pressure level rises from 118 dB to 130 dB at a 50 Hz sound wave, representing a 177 % increase. However, at a constant sound pressure level of 130 dB, the flow velocity of the front row tubes (C1-C7) significantly decreases as the frequency increases from 50 Hz to 200 Hz. Under turbulent conditions, the flow velocity increases linearly by 33 % within the range of 130–140 dB at 50 Hz sound waves. Even though the flow velocity decreases when the frequency increases to 140 dB sound pressure, it is still higher than that without sound waves. The study found that low-frequency sound waves have a more significant effect on enhancing the flow of the front row tubes, while high-frequency sound waves need to consider energy dissipation. Overall, low-frequency and high sound pressure level sound waves can effectively increase the inter-tube flow velocity, and the enhancement effect is more obvious under laminar conditions. This provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of sound wave parameters in engineering applications.
摘要：
SiO2 soot preform sintering is a critical step in the indirect chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for synthesizing high-quality silica glass, which involves hydroxyl (OH) decomposition, heat and mass transfer, as well as densification. These phenomena are not fully coupled in the traditional models, which leads to inaccurate numerical predictions. To address this, a porous media model with multiphase transport and solid mechanics bidirectional coupling (MTM) is proposed for the soot preform sintering process in this paper. The model is validated by experimental results. Using this model, the densification behavior of soot preform during sintering process is predicted, and the effects of densification on heat and mass transfer are thoroughly examined. The OH decomposition rate and gas phase transport are intensified in the later sintering stage when densification occurs significantly. Consequently, the OH is concentrated, presenting a ringed-shape distribution. The temperature distribution is also affected, which transforms from a layered shape to a ringed shape, with the maximum temperature decreasing by approximately 20 °C. Furthermore, the effects of the temperature rise curve are explored. It is found that a higher preheating temperature and a longer holding time are preferable for the synthesis of high-quality silica glass.
SiO2 soot preform sintering is a critical step in the indirect chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for synthesizing high-quality silica glass, which involves hydroxyl (OH) decomposition, heat and mass transfer, as well as densification. These phenomena are not fully coupled in the traditional models, which leads to inaccurate numerical predictions. To address this, a porous media model with multiphase transport and solid mechanics bidirectional coupling (MTM) is proposed for the soot preform sintering process in this paper. The model is validated by experimental results. Using this model, the densification behavior of soot preform during sintering process is predicted, and the effects of densification on heat and mass transfer are thoroughly examined. The OH decomposition rate and gas phase transport are intensified in the later sintering stage when densification occurs significantly. Consequently, the OH is concentrated, presenting a ringed-shape distribution. The temperature distribution is also affected, which transforms from a layered shape to a ringed shape, with the maximum temperature decreasing by approximately 20 °C. Furthermore, the effects of the temperature rise curve are explored. It is found that a higher preheating temperature and a longer holding time are preferable for the synthesis of high-quality silica glass.
期刊：
Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2025年1021:179708 ISSN：0925-8388
通讯作者：
Chen, W;Lin, YC
作者机构：
[Chen, Wei; Gan, Lang; Chen, Kang; Xu, Xinru; Li, Cong; Chen, W; Qiu, Wei; Chen, Jian] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Jiang, Peipei] Univ South China, Sch Resources Environm & Safety Engn, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Lin, Yongcheng; He, Daoguang] Cent South Univ, Sch Mech & Elect Engn, Changsha 410083, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chen, W ; Lin, YC ] C;Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Sch Mech & Elect Engn, Changsha 410083, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Al-Si-Mg alloy;Rare earth oxide;Mechanical properties;Corrosion resistance;Al 7 Fe 6 La phase
摘要：
This study examines the impact of the rare earth oxide La 2 O 3 on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of as-cast Al-Si-Mg (A356) alloys, with a specific focus on the A356 alloy. By incorporating varying amounts of La 2 O 3 (0 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3 wt%, and 0.4 wt%) into the A356 alloy, four samples (AL0, AL2, AL3, and AL4) were produced. The findings demonstrate that an optimal addition of La 2 O 3 (0.3 wt%) can effectively reduce the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), refine the eutectic Si phase, and modify the morphology of Fe-rich phases, thereby significantly enhancing the overall performance of the alloy. The transformation in the morphology of the Fe-rich phases is accompanied by changes in their elemental composition, including the transition from elongated rod-like AlFeSi phases to shorter rod-like Al 7 Fe 6 La phases. Specifically, the AL3 sample displays the best mechanical properties, with increases in hardness, yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of 11.11 %, 71.43 %, 36.45 % and 233.46 %, respectively. Moreover, AL3 exhibits superior corrosion resistance, characterized by the highest corrosion potential (-0.88 V) and the lowest corrosion current density (3.6 ×10 −7 A/cm 2 ). The addition of La 2 O 3 promotes grain refinement, reduces the size of secondary phase particles, and the formation of Al 7 Fe 6 La phase collectively contributing to the enhanced performance of the A356 alloy. The present study provides theoretical support for utilizing rare earth oxides as a viable alternative to pure rare earth metals in Al alloys, presenting a cost-efficient strategy tailored for industrial implementations.
This study examines the impact of the rare earth oxide La 2 O 3 on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of as-cast Al-Si-Mg (A356) alloys, with a specific focus on the A356 alloy. By incorporating varying amounts of La 2 O 3 (0 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3 wt%, and 0.4 wt%) into the A356 alloy, four samples (AL0, AL2, AL3, and AL4) were produced. The findings demonstrate that an optimal addition of La 2 O 3 (0.3 wt%) can effectively reduce the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), refine the eutectic Si phase, and modify the morphology of Fe-rich phases, thereby significantly enhancing the overall performance of the alloy. The transformation in the morphology of the Fe-rich phases is accompanied by changes in their elemental composition, including the transition from elongated rod-like AlFeSi phases to shorter rod-like Al 7 Fe 6 La phases. Specifically, the AL3 sample displays the best mechanical properties, with increases in hardness, yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of 11.11 %, 71.43 %, 36.45 % and 233.46 %, respectively. Moreover, AL3 exhibits superior corrosion resistance, characterized by the highest corrosion potential (-0.88 V) and the lowest corrosion current density (3.6 ×10 −7 A/cm 2 ). The addition of La 2 O 3 promotes grain refinement, reduces the size of secondary phase particles, and the formation of Al 7 Fe 6 La phase collectively contributing to the enhanced performance of the A356 alloy. The present study provides theoretical support for utilizing rare earth oxides as a viable alternative to pure rare earth metals in Al alloys, presenting a cost-efficient strategy tailored for industrial implementations.
期刊：
Chemical Engineering Journal,2025年511:162058 ISSN：1385-8947
通讯作者：
Zou, Liangyu;Jia, CK;Liang, ZW
作者机构：
[Zou, Liangyu; Jia, CK; Jia, Chuankun; Huang, Yunkun; Xiao, Junbing] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Dept Energy Storage Sci & Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Huang, Yangqiang; Liang, Zhiwu] Hunan Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Joint Int Ctr CO2 Capture & Storage iCCS, Prov Hunan Key Lab Cost Effect Utilizat Fossil Fue, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zou, LY; Jia, CK ] C;[Liang, ZW ] H;Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Dept Energy Storage Sci & Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Univ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Joint Int Ctr CO2 Capture & Storage iCCS, Prov Hunan Key Lab Cost Effect Utilizat Fossil Fue, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Di-n-butylamine;Fomic acid dehydrogenation;Absorption/desorption rate;CO2 capture;Cyclic CO2 capacity
摘要：
Background Secondary amines with strong alkalinity can be used as additives in the field of formic acid hydrogen production. The novel absorbent system combing secondary amine and tertiary amine is prosperous in industrial application of CO 2 capture.
Secondary amines with strong alkalinity can be used as additives in the field of formic acid hydrogen production. The novel absorbent system combing secondary amine and tertiary amine is prosperous in industrial application of CO 2 capture.
Results As an additive of formic acid dehydrogenation system with Pd/C catalyst, the promoting effect of di-n-butylamine (DBA) can be achieved over 40% ahead of the peer additives. Screening test of hybrid solutions composed of additive amine, DBA, and H 2 O were comprehensively investigated using the rapid solvent screening apparatus and VLE apparatus. The combination of DBA and N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine (DMEA) achieved the higher rich loading, strong cyclic CO 2 capacity and stripping rate over a wide range of CO 2 loading. Also, the absorption of high content CO 2 into the hybrid DBA/DMEA solution was investigated in a lab-scale simulated absorption device. The effects of operating parameters (CO 2 loading, solvent concentration and liquid temperature (T), etc.) on the CO 2 absorption were evaluated in terms of CO 2 removal rate ( θ CO2 ). Furthermore, a predicted model of θ CO2 , which could be suitable for different solution systems with generated gas treatment of FA dehydrogenation, was also proposed and developed using semi-empirical models as function of operating parameters in this work.
As an additive of formic acid dehydrogenation system with Pd/C catalyst, the promoting effect of di-n-butylamine (DBA) can be achieved over 40% ahead of the peer additives. Screening test of hybrid solutions composed of additive amine, DBA, and H 2 O were comprehensively investigated using the rapid solvent screening apparatus and VLE apparatus. The combination of DBA and N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine (DMEA) achieved the higher rich loading, strong cyclic CO 2 capacity and stripping rate over a wide range of CO 2 loading. Also, the absorption of high content CO 2 into the hybrid DBA/DMEA solution was investigated in a lab-scale simulated absorption device. The effects of operating parameters (CO 2 loading, solvent concentration and liquid temperature (T), etc.) on the CO 2 absorption were evaluated in terms of CO 2 removal rate ( θ CO2 ). Furthermore, a predicted model of θ CO2 , which could be suitable for different solution systems with generated gas treatment of FA dehydrogenation, was also proposed and developed using semi-empirical models as function of operating parameters in this work.
关键词：
bionic amphibious robot;composite drive;motion control;track mechanism;undulating fin
摘要：
Amphibious robots offer promising applications in field scenarios such as search and rescue, exploration and reconnaissance, and environment monitoring. However, achieving high locomotion performance in terrestrial, aquatic, and soft muddy transition areas remains challenging. This study presents a novel amphibious robot based on the hybrid drive of tracks and bionic fins. The robot is driven by a pair of tracks on land and by a pair of undulating fins underwater, without the need for switching operating modes due to the simultaneous drive of the two components. The structure design is introduced and the united operating strategies are derived for propulsion in multiple environments propulsion. A land-water united controller for the heading angle and track/fin frequency is designed based on a mathematical model. In field experiments, the robot achieved the maximum linear velocities of 2 m/s on land and 0.51 m/s underwater, with maximum yaw rates of 225 / degrees s ${}<^>{\circ }/{\rm{s}}$ and 100 / degrees s ${}<^>{\circ }/{\rm{s}}$, respectively. The robot could transition seamlessly between land and water in less than 2 s. The closed-loop control experiments demonstrated that the robot could quickly follow the desired angle with minimal error in both media using the same controller and parameters. The proposed simultaneous drive method enhances the multi-terrain motion capacity and cross-medium performance while reducing control complexity of amphibious robot, providing a new perspective for the development of self-adaptive and high-performance amphibious robots for practical application.
作者机构：
[Shen, Shuyi; Luo, Hang; Zhang, Dou; Wan, Yuting; He, Guanghu; Li, Xiaona; Luo, H; Peng, Jiajun] Cent South Univ, State Key Lab Powder Met, Changsha, Hunan Province, Peoples R China.;[Yan, Zhongna] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Changsha, Hunan Province, Peoples R China.;[Zha, Jun-Wei] North China Elect Power Univ, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, State Key Lab Alternate Elect Power Syst Renewable, Beijing, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, D ; Luo, H] C;[Zha, JW ] N;Cent South Univ, State Key Lab Powder Met, Changsha, Hunan Province, Peoples R China.;North China Elect Power Univ, Sch Elect & Elect Engn, State Key Lab Alternate Elect Power Syst Renewable, Beijing, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Polymer dielectrics with enhanced thermal stability and electrical insulation are urgently needed for capacitive energy storage applications in electric power systems. There is a persistent challenge to break the contradictory correlation between high heat resistance and low electrical conduction in polymers. Here, we employ benzyl-induced crosslinking to rearrange short-range structural units in polyimide chains, reducing electrical conduction loss. The designed polymer exhibits an electrical conductivity more than 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of commercial heat-resistant polymers, while its glass transition temperature (Tg) increases from 236.31 °C (for polyetherimide) to 289.72 °C. Consequently, a discharged energy densities of 6.38 J cm−3 and 3.04 J cm−3, with charge-discharge efficiencies above 90%, are achieved at 200 °C and 250 °C, respectively, demonstrating among the best in all-organic dielectric polymers. This work presents a feasible approach to break the adverse correlation between thermal stability and electrical insulation in polyimide materials. Polymer dielectrics have potential in capacitive energy storage applications, but achieving the required thermal stability and electrical insultation is challenging. Here, the authors report a method to rearrange short-range structural units within polyimide chains to give improved properties.
摘要：
Swelling-induced imbalance between ion transport and sieving severely limits the long-term stability of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) in redox flow batteries (RFBs). Effectively managing membrane swelling during RFB operation remains a significant challenge. Here, a concomitant swelling membrane (CSM) is introduced that fundamentally redefines swelling management by incorporating a 2D nano-sponge as a co-expanding medium. Through synergistic expansion with bentonite, the sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix achieves dynamic swelling control, enabling enhanced ion sieving without compromising conductivity. Density functional theory simulations reveal that strong electronegative interactions between bentonite oxygen sites and active ions facilitate proton and cation transport, ensuring robust ionic conductivity. Consequently, the CSM exhibits outstanding operational stability across diverse pH environments, retaining 95.88% capacity over 1300 cycles in alkaline zinc/ferricyanide RFBs, sustaining nearly 100% coulombic efficiency over 1200 cycles in acidic vanadium RFBs, and enabling stable operation for approximate to 80 days in neutral polysulfide/ferricyanide systems. Moreover, a pilot-scale CSM demonstrates a competitive production cost of $12.72 m-2, positioning CSM as a scalable and economically viable IEM for large-scale energy storage applications.
摘要：
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are promising for clean energy applications, but thermal management remains a critical challenge. This study experimentally investigated the temperature distribution and evolution of an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under various dynamic operating conditions. Using 60 thermocouples inserted into the cathode channels, the formation, development, and propagation of high-temperature regions were thoroughly studied. The research results indicated that temperature distribution became increasingly non-uniform with rising current density, particularly under overload conditions. Hot spots first appeared near the hydrogen inlet and air outlet, expanding to central regions as current density increased. Overload operation led to rapid temperature rises and the formation of thermal bridges between hot spots, highlighting the risks of thermal instability. Moreover, the study established a connection between temperature variations and water management problems. Anode flooding intensified heat generation and led to voltage fluctuations. In addition, it was found that the maximum temperature difference could serve as a sensitive indicator for detecting water flooding inside fuel cells. The results of this study are helpful for a better understanding of the internal thermal behavior of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells and are of great significance for optimizing their thermal management strategies.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are promising for clean energy applications, but thermal management remains a critical challenge. This study experimentally investigated the temperature distribution and evolution of an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under various dynamic operating conditions. Using 60 thermocouples inserted into the cathode channels, the formation, development, and propagation of high-temperature regions were thoroughly studied. The research results indicated that temperature distribution became increasingly non-uniform with rising current density, particularly under overload conditions. Hot spots first appeared near the hydrogen inlet and air outlet, expanding to central regions as current density increased. Overload operation led to rapid temperature rises and the formation of thermal bridges between hot spots, highlighting the risks of thermal instability. Moreover, the study established a connection between temperature variations and water management problems. Anode flooding intensified heat generation and led to voltage fluctuations. In addition, it was found that the maximum temperature difference could serve as a sensitive indicator for detecting water flooding inside fuel cells. The results of this study are helpful for a better understanding of the internal thermal behavior of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells and are of great significance for optimizing their thermal management strategies.
作者机构：
[Zhang, Chipeng; Li, Wei; Zhou, Hui; Jiang, Dapeng; Bo, Guowei; Deng, Cuiling] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.;[Bo, Guowei; Sun, Youping] Guangxi Univ Sci & Technol, Guangxi Key Lab Automobile Components & Vehicle Te, Liuzhou 545006, Peoples R China.;[Peng, ZR; Wang, Chenyang; Peng, Zirong; Bo, Guowei; Wang, CY] Tech Univ Munich, Chair Mat Engn Addit Mfg, Dept Mat Engn, Boltzmannstr 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany.;[Mao, Guoling] China North Engine Res Inst, Natl Key Lab Vehicle Power Syst, Tianjin 300400, Peoples R China.;[Jiang, Fulin] Hunan Univ, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Changsha 410082, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Mao, GL ] C;[Peng, ZR ; Wang, CY] T;Tech Univ Munich, Chair Mat Engn Addit Mfg, Dept Mat Engn, Boltzmannstr 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany.;China North Engine Res Inst, Natl Key Lab Vehicle Power Syst, Tianjin 300400, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Al-Si alloy;Microstructural classification;Automatic phase extraction;Unsupervised machine learing;Supervised deep learing
摘要：
Microstructural classification based on microscopic images are mostly done manually by human experts, which is time-consuming and generally leads to uncertainties due to subjectivity. In this work, machine learning and deep learning are used to automatically retrieve the useful morphology information of Si phase in Al-Si alloys which are widely used as various automotive components. Concretely, both clean mircographs without oxidization and noisy micrographs with oxidization are prepared under optical microscopy. Then an unsupervised machine learning algorithm (K-means clustering) is employed without manually labeled training data. The results show that a 92 % accuracy of extracting Si phase could be achieved on clean data, while only 75 % on noisy data. On the other hand, a supervised deep learning method (U-Net convolutional neural network) based on mixture of clean and noisy training dataset achieves high accuracy of recognizing Si phase in both clean (92 %) and noisy (87 %) micrographs. Meanwhile, the influence of the amount of training data and the proportion of the Si phase in training micrographs on the accuracy are also discussed. Further, when the training data used in U-Net method are labeled by K-means method instead of human efforts, U-Net method can achieve high accuracy in clean and noisy data.
Microstructural classification based on microscopic images are mostly done manually by human experts, which is time-consuming and generally leads to uncertainties due to subjectivity. In this work, machine learning and deep learning are used to automatically retrieve the useful morphology information of Si phase in Al-Si alloys which are widely used as various automotive components. Concretely, both clean mircographs without oxidization and noisy micrographs with oxidization are prepared under optical microscopy. Then an unsupervised machine learning algorithm (K-means clustering) is employed without manually labeled training data. The results show that a 92 % accuracy of extracting Si phase could be achieved on clean data, while only 75 % on noisy data. On the other hand, a supervised deep learning method (U-Net convolutional neural network) based on mixture of clean and noisy training dataset achieves high accuracy of recognizing Si phase in both clean (92 %) and noisy (87 %) micrographs. Meanwhile, the influence of the amount of training data and the proportion of the Si phase in training micrographs on the accuracy are also discussed. Further, when the training data used in U-Net method are labeled by K-means method instead of human efforts, U-Net method can achieve high accuracy in clean and noisy data.
摘要：
One of the important challenges in advancing aqueous zinc-ion batteries is the separator, which is crucial for promoting stable electrode-electrolyte interface and energy density of the battery. Herein, this study introduces a metal ion-activated air-laid paper (ALP Act) as an alternative for traditional glass fiber separators with big thickness and weight. Notably, the sustainable release of metal ions facilitates in situ interface engineering, thus creating a surface layer with high zinc affinity to promote the uniform migration and deposition of zinc ions. By continuously adjusting the electrode-electrolyte interface, the behaviors of dendrite growth and side reactions are effectively suppressed. Consequently, the ALP Act with continuous metal-ion release function enables the zinc anode to attain a 21-fold increase in running life beyond 3700 h compared with the conventional glass fiber separator at 1 mA cm(-2) and l mAh cm(-2). The Zn||Cu battery also achieves a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 99.18% for 2000 h (1 mA cm(-2)/1 mAh cm(-2)). The assembled Zn||NVO battery exhibits a lifespan of 3000 cycles for the charge and discharge cycles at 3 A g(-1). This research offers a new avenue for the separator to achieve low-cost, long-lasting, and energy-dense aqueous zinc batteries.
通讯机构：
[Huang, JC; Peng, ZY ] C;Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Key Lab Efficient & Clean Energy Utilizat, Changsha 410111, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Despite the advancements in film fabrication techniques for emerging perovskite solar cells, achieving a high-quality film by solution processing, while maintaining considerable performance remains a significant challenge. To tackle the issue of inferior CsPbI 2 Br perovskite films deposited via solution-based methods, a novel thermal conduction heating approach was devised and implemented, significantly enhancing film uniformity. Crucially, aliphatic amine acetates (3A) were introduced into the precursor solution to regulate the crystallization process and therefore to mitigate defects. Systematic investigation into the impact of 3A molecules featuring varying alkyl chain lengths on defect passivation revealed that the molecular dipole moment of these additives contributed to both defect mitigation and grain size refinement. Notably, the integration of alkyl chains significantly bolstered the hydrophobic properties of the perovskite film. Consequently, an impressive efficiency of 13.50% for HTM-free carbon-based CsPbI 2 Br perovskite solar cells was achieved, and the device exhibited robust stability retaining 92.4% of its initial efficiency at room temperature after being stored in dry air for 5400 h. This research offers profound insights into defect passivation mechanisms and perovskite crystallization dynamics, paving the way for further advancements in the field of perovskite solar cell technology.
摘要：
Co-combustion of coal gangue (CG) and biowaste, such as wheat straw (WS), offers a sustainable approach to waste valorization and emissions reduction. However, the combustion characteristics of CG in the presence of WS have been insufficiently explored. This study investigates the co-combustion behavior of CG, WS, and their mixtures at five different ratios using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results reveal that the addition of WS significantly lowers both the ignition and burnout temperatures of CG. Pure CG exhibits ignition and burnout temperatures of 474.4 degrees C and 770.2 degrees C, respectively, while CG/WS blends show reduced temperatures of 255.6-267.9 degrees C for ignition and 608.9-710.5 degrees C for burnout. A pronounced synergistic interaction occurs mainly between 200 and 600 degrees C during the co-combustion process. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that WS addition substantially decreases the apparent activation energy of the blends, from 75.41 kJ mol-1 for CG to 34.14 kJ mol-1 for the blend with 20% WS. The findings such as the reduced ignition and burnout temperatures, and lower activation energy indicate that CG/WS co-combustion can significantly improve combustion behaviors. Hence, this study provides valuable insights into the thermochemical behavior and kinetics of CG/WS co-firing, promoting the optimal utilization of biomass-coal waste for efficient energy production in industrial applications while offering waste-to-energy solutions.
摘要：
The energy storage performance of polyimide film capacitor is poor in high temperature and high field environment because the conjugated π bond of aromatic structures produces excited electron and provides a channel for the movement of free electrons. In this paper, semi-alicyclic polyimide-based BaTiO 3 nanocomposites (POSS@BT/PIS1) are designed and synthesized via combining molecular engineering with cross-linked interfacial engineering. The integration of non-coplanar dicyclohexyl units into the polyimide framework substantially diminishes molecular conjugation and increases the band gap. The polar functional group -SO 2 - induces a significant inductive effect, altering the direction of electron movement within the aromatic ring. This leads to the formation of localized deep traps and consequently inhibits carrier transport. Furthermore, BaTiO 3 nanoparticles covered by polyhedral oligosiloxane (POSS) with epoxy group are added into the semi-alicyclic polyamide acid by solution blending method. After high temperature imide processing, a hybrid covalent cross-linked network is constructed to promote the increase of dielectric constant and breakdown strength. As a result, discharge energy density ( U e ) of 10.82 J cm −3 and an efficiency ( η ) of 88 % are obtained in 1 wt% POSS@BT/PIS1. More importantly, 1 wt% POSS@BT/PIS1 deliveries the U e of 6.9 J cm −3 and η of 80 % at 150 °C.
The energy storage performance of polyimide film capacitor is poor in high temperature and high field environment because the conjugated π bond of aromatic structures produces excited electron and provides a channel for the movement of free electrons. In this paper, semi-alicyclic polyimide-based BaTiO 3 nanocomposites (POSS@BT/PIS1) are designed and synthesized via combining molecular engineering with cross-linked interfacial engineering. The integration of non-coplanar dicyclohexyl units into the polyimide framework substantially diminishes molecular conjugation and increases the band gap. The polar functional group -SO 2 - induces a significant inductive effect, altering the direction of electron movement within the aromatic ring. This leads to the formation of localized deep traps and consequently inhibits carrier transport. Furthermore, BaTiO 3 nanoparticles covered by polyhedral oligosiloxane (POSS) with epoxy group are added into the semi-alicyclic polyamide acid by solution blending method. After high temperature imide processing, a hybrid covalent cross-linked network is constructed to promote the increase of dielectric constant and breakdown strength. As a result, discharge energy density ( U e ) of 10.82 J cm −3 and an efficiency ( η ) of 88 % are obtained in 1 wt% POSS@BT/PIS1. More importantly, 1 wt% POSS@BT/PIS1 deliveries the U e of 6.9 J cm −3 and η of 80 % at 150 °C.
作者机构：
[Liu, Rui; Zhang, Chuanliang; Chen, Jiaxiang; Wang, Ziyi] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, Bin] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect & Informat Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhao, B ] C;Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect & Informat Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Airfoil fin PCHE;Bezier curves;Pareto front;Multi-objective genetic algorithm;Comprehensive performance
摘要：
The airfoil fin (AFF) Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has attracted significant attention for its excellent comprehensive performance. This study proposes an optimized design for AFF PCHE to enhance the comprehensive performance by integrating Bézier curves, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). A set of 12 Bézier curve-based variables is utilized to define and control the airfoil geometry, with optimization targets set on two comprehensive evaluation criteria: the first enhanced ratio (η1) and the third enhanced ratio (η3). The MOGA-generated Pareto front reveals the evolution of AFF structures in relation to η1 and η3. Results show that as the leading and trailing edges of the AFFs become sharper and the thickness decreases, the η1 of the PCHE channel gradually increases, while η3 decreases. Conversely, as the thickness of the AFFs increases and the trailing edge shape transitions from blunt to elliptical and finally to round, η3 significantly increases while η1 decreases. Furthermore, when changes focus mainly on the leading edge of the AFFs, η3 improves without markedly affecting η1. Compared to the traditional airfoil channel, the η1 of the Fin-b channel increases by 3.1%-10.8%, demonstrating its greater suitability under identical flow rate conditions. Similarly, the η3 of the Fin-g channel is 1.4%-11.6% higher than that of the traditional airfoil channel, highlighting its superior performance under identical pumping power conditions. The present work provides a valuable reference for optimizing the design of AFF PCHEs under identical flow rate and pumping power conditions.
The airfoil fin (AFF) Printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has attracted significant attention for its excellent comprehensive performance. This study proposes an optimized design for AFF PCHE to enhance the comprehensive performance by integrating Bézier curves, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). A set of 12 Bézier curve-based variables is utilized to define and control the airfoil geometry, with optimization targets set on two comprehensive evaluation criteria: the first enhanced ratio (η1) and the third enhanced ratio (η3). The MOGA-generated Pareto front reveals the evolution of AFF structures in relation to η1 and η3. Results show that as the leading and trailing edges of the AFFs become sharper and the thickness decreases, the η1 of the PCHE channel gradually increases, while η3 decreases. Conversely, as the thickness of the AFFs increases and the trailing edge shape transitions from blunt to elliptical and finally to round, η3 significantly increases while η1 decreases. Furthermore, when changes focus mainly on the leading edge of the AFFs, η3 improves without markedly affecting η1. Compared to the traditional airfoil channel, the η1 of the Fin-b channel increases by 3.1%-10.8%, demonstrating its greater suitability under identical flow rate conditions. Similarly, the η3 of the Fin-g channel is 1.4%-11.6% higher than that of the traditional airfoil channel, highlighting its superior performance under identical pumping power conditions. The present work provides a valuable reference for optimizing the design of AFF PCHEs under identical flow rate and pumping power conditions.
作者机构：
[Dongying Dong; Kun Chen; Linjun Zeng] College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China;[Jianing Zhang; Zhoucheng Wu] International College of Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China;[Xu Zhang] College of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China;[Junjia Cui] State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
通讯机构：
[Linjun Zeng] C;College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
摘要：
TC4 based composites were facing an urgent need to enhance physical performance. In this work, electromagnetic powder compaction (EMPC) technology was used to prepare carbon nanotubes reinforced TC4 based (CNTs/TC4) composites. The micro morphology and properties of the sintered bodies were studied through scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and a universal material testing machine at different sintering temperatures. Results showed that there was a significant turning point at 1100 °C, with a relative density of 98.01%. The relationship between the relative length and density of sintered bodies was established through Gaussian fitting. The CNTs partially reacted with the TC4 matrix after 700 °C, generating equiaxed TiC particles. The compressive strength and strain reached the maximum values at 1300 °C and 600 °C, respectively, with values of 1884.64 MPa and 0.2336. The enhancement factors for compressive strength were only alloying and TiC particles at 1100 °C. There was not much difference in the fusion effect of particles at 1100 °C and 1300 °C. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the CNTs/TC4 composites prepared by EMPC had relatively good comprehensive mechanical properties when sintered at 1100 °C.
TC4 based composites were facing an urgent need to enhance physical performance. In this work, electromagnetic powder compaction (EMPC) technology was used to prepare carbon nanotubes reinforced TC4 based (CNTs/TC4) composites. The micro morphology and properties of the sintered bodies were studied through scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and a universal material testing machine at different sintering temperatures. Results showed that there was a significant turning point at 1100 °C, with a relative density of 98.01%. The relationship between the relative length and density of sintered bodies was established through Gaussian fitting. The CNTs partially reacted with the TC4 matrix after 700 °C, generating equiaxed TiC particles. The compressive strength and strain reached the maximum values at 1300 °C and 600 °C, respectively, with values of 1884.64 MPa and 0.2336. The enhancement factors for compressive strength were only alloying and TiC particles at 1100 °C. There was not much difference in the fusion effect of particles at 1100 °C and 1300 °C. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the CNTs/TC4 composites prepared by EMPC had relatively good comprehensive mechanical properties when sintered at 1100 °C.
摘要：
To improve the utilization of solar irradiance by a bifacial photovoltaic (PV) flat single-axis tracking system under complex weather conditions, a dynamic optimization model for bifacial PV modules, a hybrid tracking algorithm was developed. Scattering coefficients are defined to differentiate weather conditions consistently so as to select different algorithms for tracking. The sun's position is tracked by using the visual sun trajectory model on sunny days, while the maximum sum of irradiance of bifacial modules is used as the tracking angle setting principle for high scattering weather. A month-long controlled field experiment was conducted at a PV plant in Ningxia. Data under typical cloudy and overcast conditions were selected to analyze and verify whether the proposed model can improve the power generation efficiency of the planar single-axis tracking system. The experiment results show that the tracking system using the all-weather dynamic optimization model for bifacial modules has an irradiance gain of 8.174% and 4.81%, and a daily power generation gain is 10.529% and 6.20%, respectively, under typical cloudy and overcast conditions. This demonstrates that the hybrid tracking model proposed in this article can improve the power generation of the bifacial flat single-axis tracking system under complex weather.
期刊：
ACS Applied Energy Materials,2025年 ISSN：2574-0962
通讯作者：
Gan, L
作者机构：
[Gan, Lang; Chen, Wei; Li, Jiawang; Qiu, Wei; Gan, L] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Ren, Yanjie] Zhejiang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech & Energy Engn, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Gan, L ] C;Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
urea oxidation;hydrogen energy;trimetallicphosphides;heterojunction;electron transfer
摘要：
The development of efficient nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is critical to advancing sustainable hydrogen production while mitigating environmental pollution. Here, we report a trimetallic Ni2P/Fe2P/CoP heterostructured catalyst synthesized on nickel foam (NF) via a physical deposition and low-temperature phosphidation strategy. The synergistic coupling of Ni, Co, and Fe components optimizes electronic configurations, enhances urea adsorption energy, and facilitates intermediate (*COO-) desorption, while phosphorus doping promotes charge transfer and corrosion resistance. Notably, the catalyst achieves a current density of 100 mA cm-2 at a low potential of 1.395 V (vs RHE) in 1 M KOH + 0.2 M urea, with a Tafel slope of 27.22 mV dec-1, and an overpotential that is 72 mV lower than the OER. Structural characterization confirms the coexistence of Ni2P, Fe2P, and CoP phases with abundant heterointerfaces and uniform elemental distribution. The catalyst demonstrates exceptional stability over 100 h of continuous operation, attributed to robust electronic interactions and PO4 3-mediated proton-coupled electron transfer. This work provides a rational design strategy for cost-effective, high-performance UOR electrocatalysts, highlighting their potential for industrial hydrogen production and urea wastewater remediation.
